The People of the Abyss

The People of the Abyss (1903) is a book by Jack London about life in the East End of London in 1902. He wrote this first-hand account by living in the East End (including the Whitechapel District) for several months, sometimes staying in workhouses or sleeping on the streets. The conditions he experienced and wrote about were the same as those endured by an estimated 500,000 of the contemporary London poor. When London wrote his book, the word "the Abyss" was in wide use to refer to the lowest strata of society. H. G. Wells's 1902 book, Anticipations, uses this phrase in this sense throughout, and in several places uses the phrase "the People of the Abyss.". One writer, analyzing The Iron Heel, refers to the phrase "the People of the Abyss" as "H. G. Wells' phrase."
George Orwell was inspired by The People of the Abyss, which he read in his teens, and in the 1930s he began disguising himself as a derelict and made tramping expeditions into poor section of London himself, in emulation of Jack London. The influence of The People of the Abyss can be seen in Down and Out in Paris and London and The Road to Wigan Pier.